Spatial planning with regard to military defense
Ebrahim Amou; Ahmad Pourahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei
Abstract
Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped ...
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Extended abstractIntroductionCivilians and cities have always been affected by war. However, World War II was the first war in which military strategies succeeded in systematically destroying cities and killing civilian populations on a large scale. It was no coincidence that atomic bombs were also dropped on cities. In the eyes of policymakers and experts, urban safety and security is one of the most basic assumptions of the global community for human-centered planning. Humans have always faced threats in their lives and constructions and have experienced all kinds of accidents throughout history. One of the basic ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the degree of vulnerability of the city, especially residential buildings, in case it occurs. Therefore, knowing the degree of vulnerability of urban buildings caused by threats, it is possible to increase the preparedness against any threat to a great extent by adopting strategies. Identifying the risk of possible damages plays an important role in prevention and preparation to face and deal with the negative effects of urban threats and is very important in terms of controlling human and financial damages.Materials & MethodsIn this research, considering the theoretical issues and the examination of global experiences regarding the vulnerability of residential areas against invasion, vulnerability criteria were extracted and completed using the Delphi method. After selecting the criteria and sub-criteria for weight calculation, using the Dematel method, factors that are effective in residential vulnerability have been used. The main goal of the Delphi method is to achieve the most reliable consensus of a group of experts' opinions through a series of focused questionnaires with controlled feedback. By obtaining the consensus of a group of experts through this process, researchers can identify and prioritize issues and develop a framework for their diagnosis. In this research, Delphi panel members were selected as non-probability and combination of targeted or judgmental and chain methods. In this research, Kendall's correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of consensus among panel members. The value of this scale is equal to one when there is complete coordination and zero when there is no complete coordination. Kendall's correlation coefficient for this research was equal to 0.67, which can be trusted as a relatively moderate to high value according to the order of its factors. Building a network analysis process model requires knowing the relationships and interactions between the criteria and sub-criteria of the problem in order to create the most realistic state of the network, which was extracted in the previous stage through Dematel and with the opinions of experts. ANP includes determining the final weights using the method of extracting weight vectors and forming hypermatrix. Results & Discussion,The way of distribution of buildings in terms of floors and especially high-rises has created a special spatial system that has overcome all other urban elements and has turned the city into a compact structure. In terms of the quality of the houses, it can be said that due to the presence of dilapidated structures in the central part of the city as well as informal settlements in the peripheral areas, these houses are not of good quality and are highly vulnerable.From the point of view of passive defense, the passageways and the ability of the network to access the space and the conditions of sheltering are of special importance. Examining the map of vulnerability caused by the access network and access to open spaces in the residential areas of Tabriz shows that the central areas have narrow roads and high density and have high vulnerability. In discussing the vulnerability of residential areas in this research, population density and building density have been considered. By increasing population density in vulnerable areas with specific dimensions, the number of vulnerable population increases. According to the vulnerability map caused by the density of residential areas in Tabriz city, the population distribution is not the same throughout the city and dense population tissues are often located in the central areas and in the range of peripheral tissues (northern parts of the city) and are of high vulnerability. Has Distance and proximity to danger centers is very important in terms of passive defense. The location of these risk centers in the vicinity of human settlements makes it necessary to respect the privacy of these centers. The map of the privacy of dangerous centers in Tabriz shows that the residential areas of Tabriz are not in a good condition in terms of respecting the privacy of high-risk centers and will be highly vulnerable in the event of an attack. The access map of residential areas to relief centers in Tabriz city shows that the distribution of these centers is not balanced in all parts of the city and is mostly concentrated in the central parts of the city, which causes many problems with the influx of people in the event of a crisis. will face these centers. After the occurrence of crises, especially air raids that destroy people's shelters, the temporary accommodation of people is very important. One of the temporary accommodation centers that are considered are educational centers. Also, nowadays spaces are considered as multi-purpose parks and sheds that are used in normal conditions and are considered as temporary accommodation centers in times of crisis. The map of temporary accommodation centers in the city of Tabriz shows that, firstly, these centers are not evenly distributed in all parts of the city, and secondly, they do not have enough numbers according to the existing population. ConclusionMaps and research findings show that the residential density criterion with a weight of 0.356 is in the first place among residential vulnerability factors in Tabriz city. The second rank is assigned to the criterion of residential context with a weight of 0.257. Access criteria, access to relief centers, privacy of danger centers and temporary accommodation are in the next ranks respectively.
Ahmad Pour Ahmad; Seyyed Abbas Rajaei; Mohammad Rahmani Asl
Abstract
Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban ...
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Introduction One of the major problems that is noticeable in planning and management of most cities in our country today, is the management of increasing solid waste. The last phase in the management of waste is the final disposal, which has always engaged man. There are different ways for urban waste disposal, but their burial is more important and there has not been a perfect alternative to that so far. Choosing a suitable landfill site for waste is the most important step in waste management. It is a complicated matter that requires a vast evaluation process and the environmental, economic, social & tectonic standards should be taken into consideration. With regard to the fact that most of effective factors in determining the suitability of lands for special purposes such as waste burial, are not of the same significance, they must be weighed for more accurate evaluation. The analysis of the layers and numerous factors which are effective in the site location process will only be possible in the framework of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) systems and the use of GIS technology. Due to the importance of the subject matter, the present research has sought to locate the landfill site in the city of Ghaleh Ganj in order to take a step towards environmental protection and achieving sustainable development in this city. To achieve this goal, Geographic Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making systems have been used. Materials and methods The present research is an applied one in terms of the goal, and its approach dominating the research space is exploratory with regard to the nature of the subject. To develop the theoretical framework of the research and review the previous researches and extract the indices being used as well, the library method (documentary) was used. Field information was provided through questionnaire and field observations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used for weighting the indices and its calculations were carried out in Excel software. The Fuzzy method was used for location and zonation that was implemented in GIS environment, which, according to many researchers, is the most accurate and the best method of site location. The study area of this research is the city of Ghaleh Ganj in the province of Kerman located at 440 km from the capital of the province with a population of 12663 in 3034 families according to the general census of population and housing in the year 1390 (2011). Results and discussion AHP model was used to weight the landfill site location indices in the city of Ghaleh Ganj. In this regard, a questionnaire was edited based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model and pair-wise comparison matrix, which was completed by 10 experts. The experts ranked the indices from 1 to 9, whose weights were calculated after entering the weights of indexes in Excel software. Then, landfill site location in the city of Ghaleh Ganj was carried out using GIS-Fuzzy model. The stages are as the following: Preparing the shape files of the layers. Forming the spatial matrix of the layers (Rasterising the layers). Fuzzification of the layers by special methods of each layer. Multiplying fuzzy maps by the weights obtained from AHP model. Designing fuzzy inference network and integrating the layers to extract the final map. 15 layers were used to locate the landfills of the city of Ghaleh Ganj which are: Distance from agricultural lands and gardens, land cover, distance from flood zones, distance from floodways, distance from drinking water wells, wind direction, distance from the city of Ghaleh Ganj, distance from rural centers and residential areas, distance from communication lines, distance from industrial park, distance from facilities, distance from the fault, type of soil, slope and finally, the material of bedrock. After preparing the shape file related to each layer, the layers were grouped into 3 groups, each of which had its own method in rasterisation and fuzzification of the maps. The layers of the first and second groups were programmed using Python programming language and were modeled in GIS environment, and the layers of the third group were fuzzified by the “Raster Calculator” tool. In the next step, the fuzzy maps were multiplied by the weights obtained from the AHP model. Finally, in order to identify the appropriate zones for burying waste materials in the city of Galeh Ganj, the weighted fuzzy maps were combined with each other using “Fuzzy AND” operator, which is a subset of the Fuzzy Overlay tool operators, and the final map was obtained. The obtained map was reclassified and the lands of the city were classified into three classes of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Finally, the land capability map for waste burial in Ghaleh Ganj was presented. Conclusion Based on the results of the research, the lands of the city were classified into three groups of very suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in terms of waste burial capability. Lands with very suitable capability are 1451.5 Hectares and lands with relatively suitable capability are2425.2 Hectares. The results also showed that the current location of the landfill in the city of Ghaleh Ganj is in the lands with unsuitable capability and it is imperative that the municipality abandon the current location as soon as possible and select a site from the lands with very suitable capability for waste disposal of the city, and if this is not possible, the lands with relatively suitable capability can be used. Finally, the results showed that the application of the AHP-FUZZY method in the GIS environment for locating the uses, including landfill sites, has a high efficiency and the method used in this research can be generalized to different cities of the country.
